Transactions costs are defined to be the costs of:
a. negotiating and enforcing contracts.
b. complying with environmental regulations.
c. eliminating market and government failures.
d. finding and obtaining offsets.
a
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When there is a recessionary gap, inflation will ________, in response to which the Federal Reserve will ________ real interest rates, and output will ________.
A. decline; lower; decline B. increase; raise; decline C. decline; lower; expand D. decline; raise; decline
The interest rate effect that helps explain the slope of the aggregate demand curve arises because
A) an increase in the price level lead to decreases in interest rates, which induces more borrowing and hence raises planned real expenditures. B) interest rates and total planned real expenditures are unrelated. C) an increase in the price level boosts interest rates, which discourages borrowing and hence reduces planned real expenditures. D) a decrease in the price level boosts interest rates, which discourages borrowing and hence frees up income for more planned real expenditures.
A heterodox model would not call for freezing wages and prices, but an orthodox one would
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The net present value of $1,000 received at a time in the future would
a. decline if the $1,000 were received sooner. b. increase if the delivery date for the $1,000 were set farther into the future. c. increase if the interest rate rose. d. increase if the interest rate fell.