Compare the philosophies and beliefs within Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Cynicism as embraced by the individuals. Why did these philosophies impart comfort that was separate from the mystery cults?

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

Each of these philosophies intended to help the individual understand his or her place in the universe, rather than the Classical Era philosophers who sought to explain the world and universe in a grand picture. Within Cynicism, the philosopher Diogenes put into play the theory that one could avoid the unpredictability of life by returning to nature and living in accordance with the laws of nature. They named themselves after the Greek word for dogs, with the idea that they would, like dogs, do all their living in public in front of everyone, regardless of convention or social hierarchy. The Epicureans followed the philosophical beliefs of Epicurus, who believed that everything was random, followed no pattern or underlying principles, that nothing was innately good or bad, but simply composed on randomly accreted atoms. One should follow a path that led one to pleasure, but not to excess in a way that would cause the essence of self, or random atomic collection, to be disturbed. Therefore, one should seek calm, isolation, and quiet meditation. Finally, within Stoicism, Zeno countered the randomness of Epicureanism with the theory that the universe was highly ordered and structured according to an unalterable and divine governing force known as Logos. Stoicism argued for a mechanistic universe in which every individual was a cog in the machine and had a place and duty. Comfort would be achieved by knowing one's place and doing one's duty.