Summarize the colligative properties of water and how salinity affects them. What will be an ideal response?
Water's colligative properties are those four properties, which vary with the quantity of
solutes dissolved in the water. Because colligative properties are the properties of solutions,
the more concentrated (saline) water is, the more important these properties become.
(Because it is not a solution, pure water has no colligative properties.)
(1) The heat capacity of water decreases with increasing salinity; that is, less heat is
necessary to raise the temperature of seawater by 1° than is required to raise the temperature
of freshwater by the same amount.
(2) Dissolved salts disrupt the webwork of hydrogen bonding in water. As salinity increases,
the freezing point of water becomes lower; the salts act as a sort of antifreeze. Sea ice
therefore forms at a lower temperature than ice in freshwater lakes.
(3) Because dissolved salts tend to attract water molecules, seawater evaporates more slowly
than freshwater. Swimmers usually notice that freshwater evaporates quickly and completely
from their skin, but seawater lingers.
(4) Osmotic pressure, the pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the
environment is different from that within the cells, rises with increasing salinity. This is a key
factor in transmitting water into and out of cells.
You might also like to view...
Which of the following is not considered a Christian church?
A) Bahá'í B) Coptic C) Armenian D) Maronite E) Latter-Day Saints
The major problem encountered in making a world map is that:
a. it is tedious and time consuming. b. there's a lack of international standardization. c. it is impossible to show true size and true shape on the same map. d. There are no major problems.
[NeedAttention]
src="data:image/png;base64,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
Traditional barriers to international trade have included
A) low taxes on imports. B) making domestic goods more expensive. C) eliminating quotas on imports. D) requiring licenses for importers. E) strong domestic and international demand.