A researcher tests the effect of a new laparoscopic treatment for chronic shoulder dislocation
The results are statistically significant, and the researcher states in his findings that there is evidence that the treatment has promise for widespread application. A subsequent replication study fails to show statistical significance. A third study produces the same effects as the second. What is the most likely explanation here?
a. Type I error occurred in the first study.
b. Type II error occurred in the second and third studies.
c. Random error produced insufficient power.
d. Bias was introduced by replicating the study.
ANS: A
A serious concern in research is incorrectly concluding that a relationship or difference exists when it does not (type I error, rejecting a true null). If only one of three studies supported the new treatment, it is most likely that a type I error occurred in the first study. Low statistical power increases the probability of concluding that there is no significant difference between samples when actually there is a difference (Type II error, failing to reject a false null). A type II error is most likely to occur when the sample size is small ro when the power of the statistical test to determine differences is low. Random error has no effect on power. Replication of research identifies areas of bias; it does not introduce bias.
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What will be an ideal response?
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