The nurse views the patient as an open system that needs help in coping with stressors. Which theorist is the nurse using?
a. King
b. Levine
c. Neuman
d. Johnson
ANS: C
Neuman views a patient as being an open system that is in constant energy exchange with the environment that the nurse must help cope with stressors. King views a patient as a unique personal system that is constantly interacting/transacting with other systems that the nurse helps with goal attainment. Levine believes nurses promote balance between nursing interventions and patient participation to assist in conserving energy needed for healing. Johnson perceives patients as a collection of subsystems that forms an overall behavioral system focusing on balance.
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