Which of the following is not a condition needed to establish causality?
a. There needs to be an empirical association between the independent and dependent variable.
b. The relationship between variables has to be spurious.
c. Temporal precedence needs to be established.
d. The relationship between variables has to be nonspurious.
e. All of these are conditions needed to establish causality.
b
You might also like to view...
__________ is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population
a. Reproduction b. Fecundity c. Fertility d. Fruitfulness
It is against U.S. law to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The Lollygag Hotel routinely hires illegal aliens to serve as waitpersons and bellhops. These jobs are therefore
a. inadequate. b. irregular. c. unstable. d. in the shadow economy. e. paid in cash only.
During the 1970s, a conservative call for a return to traditional "family values" developed; this movement came to be called__________.
A. the sexual counterrevolution B. the abstinence movement C. prohibition D. the new Puritanism
Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard in evaluating themselves and their own behavior a ________.
A. reference group B. tertiary group C. primary group D. secondary group