Carper (1978) has identified four patterns of "knowing" upon which nursing practice is founded. Which pattern describes the ability of the nurse to assist a patient in reaching health goals through the rapport established with this individual?
a. Empirics
b. Esthetics
c. Personal knowledge
d. Ethics
C
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A The empirical pattern of knowing is "knowledge that is systematically organized into general laws and theories for the purpose of describing, explaining, and predicting phenomena of special concern to the discipline of nursing" (Carper, 1978, p. 14).
B The esthetic pattern of knowing "involves the active transformation of the patient's behavior into a perception of what is significant in it—that is, what need is being expressed by the behavior" (Carper, 1978, p. 17).
C Personal knowledge "is concerned with the knowing, encountering, and actualizing of the concrete, individual self" (Carper, 1978, p. 18). This type of knowing deals with ways a nurse successfully assists a patient to reach health goals through the rapport established with this individual.
D The ethical pattern of knowing "requires an understanding of different philosophical positions regarding what is good, what ought to be desired, and what is right; of different ethical frameworks devised for dealing with the complexities of moral judgements; and of various orientations to the notion of obligation" (Carper, 1978, p. 21).
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