If two variables are correlated with one another, does this mean that one of them is having some kind of effect on the other? Explain your answer
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: If two variables are related to one another, this does not mean that one of them is affecting the other. While one variable might be affecting the other, it is also possible that the relationship is simply a coincidence. It is also possible that the relationship is spurious.
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Causality is inferred in a nonequivalent control-group design when
A) the control group remains essentially the same from pretreatment to post-treatment measures but the experimental group changes markedly in the predicted direction. B) the experimental group remains essentially the same from pretreatment to post-treatment measures but the control group changes markedly in the predicted direction. C) the control group and the experimental group remain essentially the same from pretreatment to post-treatment measures. D) the control group and the experimental group change markedly in the predicted direction.
What is the name given to the technique used during political campaigns in an attempt to persuade voters to vote for (or against) a particular candidate, or not bother going to the polls at all?
a. Call-in polls b. Push polls c. Unscientific polls d. Single-question polls
The 1976 case of National League of Cities v. Usery was affirmed by the case of Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
As a general pattern, when __________, the demands of national security tend to prevail, resulting in the rise of intelligence activities, particularly covert operations
a. perceptions of enemy threats are high c. congressional oversight is high b. perceptions of enemy threats are low d. congressional oversight is low