Amelie is a social worker who has many clients. She knows that there are several biases, assumptions and
logical fallacies in the way she deals with her clients’ problems. Though she is aware of these flaws, she does not try
to improve her critical thinking abilities. According to Paul and Elder’s critical thinking stages, Amelie is in the
_____ stage.
A. challenged
B. unreflective
C. beginning
D. accomplished
ANS: A
PG: 53
Feedback: According to Paul and Elder's critical thinking stages, Amelie is in the challenged stage. Paul and Elder
(2012) describe six stages of critical thinking development that proceed in this fashion: (1) unreflective (lacks
awareness of thinking problems), (2) challenged (aware of thinking problems but takes no action to improve), (3)
beginning (episodic attempts to improve thinking quality), (4) practicing (regular efforts to improve thinking
quality), (5) advanced (noticeable improvement as efforts to do so become more systematic), and (6) accomplished
(skillful thinking becomes second nature).
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