Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

Question

1. Emilio's sales manager just told his group about this year's contest, the winner of which will take a lavish trip to France. Emilio does not like to travel to places where he can't speak the language, so he is not very enthusiastic. Here, Emilio's instrumentality is low. 
2. According to expectancy theory, for a person's motivation to be high, he or she must be high on all three elements: instrumentality, expectancy, and valence. 
3. Specificity of goals can often be improved by making them quantitative. 
4. To be most motivating, goals should be set to be very difficult, just out of the reach of workers, so that they never stop pushing themselves. 

Answer 1

1. FALSE
Valence is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward. Here, this reward does not have a high valence for Emilio.
2. TRUE
For your motivation to be high, you must be high on all three elements: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. If any element is low, you will not be motivated.
3. TRUE
Goals such as "Sell as many cars as you can" or "Be nicer to customers" are too vague and therefore have no effect on motivation. Instead, goals need to be specific, usually meaning quantitative. As a manager, for example, you may be asked to boost the revenues of your unit by 25% and to cut absenteeism by 10%, all specific targets
4. FALSE
According to goal-setting theory, goals should be challenging but achievable. People give up when they feel that goal achievement is impossible.