The arterial-to-end-tidal CO2 and the arterial-to-maximum expiratory partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) gradients are both elevated and equal to each other. This finding is consistent with:
a. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
b. left-sided heart failure.
c. esophageal intubation.
d. pulmonary embolism.
ANS: D
Normally, the difference between the PCO2 measured at the end of a maximum exhalation and the PaCO2 is minimal. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or left-sided heart failure do not show an increase in this difference. However, patients with pulmonary embolism show an increased gradient.
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