What are the differences between declarative and nondeclarative memory? What does this mean for people with damage to their hippocampus?
What will be an ideal response?
Declarative memory involves learning that results in memories of facts, people, and events that a person can verbalize or declare. Subtypes of declarative memory include episodic memory (events), semantic memory (facts), autobiographical memory (information about oneself), and spatial memory (the location of the individual and of objects in space). On the other hand, nondeclarative memory involves learning of behaviors such as procedural or skills learning, emotional learning, and stimulus-response conditioning. People, such as H.M., who have had damage to their hippocampus show a clear discrepancy in the type of memory they lose. H.M. had deficits in declarative memory but not for nondeclarative memory. For example, he was able to master a mirror tracing task over time, even though he could not recall ever having attempted the task before. This provides at least some evidence that these two types of memory originate in different parts of the brain. In a rat model, rats with damage to the hippocampus showed deficits in declarative but not nondeclarative memory in a radial arm maze. Conversely, rats with damage to the striatum showed deficits in nondeclarative memory but not in declarative memory. Another study using human participants showed that the amygdala is involved in nondeclarative emotional memory.
Learning Objectives: 12-2: Diagram the neural involvement in processing of information that is stored in memory
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