Which of the following is NOT true regarding Elliot and Church’s (2003) study of self-handicapping?
a. Self-handicapping was positively correlated with fear of failure.
b. Self-handicapping was negatively correlated with need for achievement.
c. Students who scored higher on self-handicapping tended to be more afraid of failing, but they had lower drive for accomplishment.
d. Self-handicapping was associated with lower exam scores but higher GPAs.
Ans: D
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