The third-variable problem means that:
A. in a correlational study there may be a third, unobserved variable that actually causes changes in the observed variables.
B. if two predictor variables are shown to be important predictors of the value of a criterion variable, then there is probably a third important predictor variable as well.
C. a correlational study with fewer than three variables is invalid.
D. None of the answers is correct.
Answer: A
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What will be an ideal response?
According to the introductory discussion about schemas in Chapter 8,
a. behaviorists frequently used the term "schema" in their theories. b. Piaget applied the concept of schemas to infants. c. outside the area of cognitive psychology, other psychologists rarely discuss the concept of schemas. d. Sigmund Freud was the first to incorporate the concept of a schema into a psychological theory.
Regarding emotional appraisals, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. The effects of emotional appraisals on emotion were developed into a theory by Cannon and Bard. b. Emotional appraisals can be experiential, and occur quickly, as with startling fear stimuli. c. Emotional appraisals can occur due to reflective processing. d. By changing your attribution and/or your emotional appraisal, one can minimize your emotional wear-and-tear.
Some of Freud's work is considered controversial today because of his undue emphasis on______
a. early childhood experience b. late adulthood experience c. puberty d. sexual urges