Discuss the growing interdependence between the Church and and the military in the Middle Ages.
What will be an ideal response?
Two specific incidents gave rise to the military orders within the church: the Crusades and the suppression of the Albigensian heresy as part of the Reconquista in Spain. As the city of Jerusalem was taken by Crusaders of all types, it became necessary to have a permanent garrisoned force present in the city to hold the kingdom. These soldiers were initially laymen who took vows similar to monks and became religious orders. Their responsibilities included not only caring for the sick pilgrims, but also included monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, as well as protection of the kingdom. The Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar were not strictly religious personnel, but an outreach of volunteers and earned the approval of the popes. The Knights Teutonic, a group of German merchants, performed the same function after the Third Crusade. In the Reconquista, the Iberian Peninsula was retaken and Christianized. As part of this crusade, Pope Innocent III called for suppression of the Albigensian heresy, and this later proved to be a motivation for initiating the Inquisition under the Dominicans.
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Scientific investigation in seventeenth-century England was
A) greatly retarded by civil war and political upheaval. B) of little interest to influential people. C) limited to military technology. D) caught up in and stimulated by religious and political controversy. E) personified by the life of Robert Boyle who was mainly interested in astronomy.
In what way were classical Athens and Sparta most alike?
A) Both placed the polis and its success at the center of life. B) Their achievements in art and literature continue to inspire Western Civilization. C) Both were stable societies, with few political interruptions. D) Sea power was central to their success. E) Both eventually became democracies.
The humanists admired the culture of
a. China and Japan. b. Africa and India. c. Greece and Rome. d. Arabs and Mongols. e. Egyptians and Persians.
Lena Horne was a(n) __________
a) actress popular during the Second World War b) Communist activist from Detroit c) nonviolent civil rights protester in the Mississippi Delta d) blues musician popular in the 1950s