In some species, such as Steller sea lions, a sexual polymorphism for longevity is observed, with females liv-ing on average several years longer than males. Use an evolutionary explanation of senescence to explain this polymorphism

a. Males have a higher mutation rate than females.
b. Males have higher age-specific fertility at older ages than females.
c. Sexual selection imposes a more severe trade-off between fitness and longevity in males than in females.
d. Males do not need to live as long as females to attain the same fitness.


C

Biology & Microbiology

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