What does Williams mean by saying there is a "deep irony" to the success of criminal organizations?

a. Criminal organizations often hide behind the very laws that they break to become profitable.
b. Criminal markets are often lucrative as a direct result of state prohibition and regulation of certain goods.
c. Criminal organizations may appeal to a sense of sovereignty and nationalism to defend themselves while directly opposing the state in their daily criminal practice.
d. The success of criminal organizations can sometimes enrich the state by providing greater revenue to its citizens, which in turn brings higher tax revenues.
e. By challenging law and order in a state, a criminal organization may actually strengthen police or army forces that are forced to increase their size and improve their tactics.


Answer: b

Political Science

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