Were the Crusades successful? Why or why not? By what standard?
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary, but in a general sense, the city of Jerusalem was never permanently taken, so one could consider the series of Crusades to be a failure, particularly given the number of Crusades that were launched. The first group of people to arrive to help were the poor people's Crusaders, who were ejected from Constantinople by Alexius I Comnenus and then killed by the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor. The official Crusades were undertaken by professional soldiers and knights, which was what Urban II had intended. This development made the significant point that in the conflict between temporal and ecclesiastic powers, there was only one pope who was responsible for the command of all the nobility and knights of Europe, rather than individual temporal rulers. In a positive light, the Crusades brought the people of western Europe face to face with others, such as Muslims and Byzantines, and showed them a different world. Additionally, the reconnection with Constantinople (which had previously had a trade monopoly with Venice) brought trade goods and opportunities to the Western world, as well as introducing it to a number of cultural and intellectual advancements.
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What was the Republicans' position on slavery during the 1860 election?
A) The Republicans opposed slavery everywhere. B) The Republicans were opposed to any expansion of slavery in the territories. C) The Republicans ignored the issue of slavery because it was so troublesome. D) The Republicans supported the expansion of slavery everywhere.
By about 700 B.C.E., which group replaced the aristocratic cavalryman in Greek warfare?
a. Helots b. Hoplites c. Poleis d. Mercenaries e. Macedonians
Which statement about the Peloponnesian War is FALSE?
A. The foundation of Athenian strategy, initially, was the exploitation of its naval power. B. The foundation of Spartan strategy was to draw its enemies into open, face-to-face military battles on land. C. A plague killed one-third of the population of Athens. D. The ultimate result of the war was a unified Greece headed by the city by Thebes. E. Athenians were defeated, and their city walls torn down.
The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of
A. community service. B. social work. C. psychological therapy. D. comparative sociology. E. charitable foundations.