How is masochistic sexuality explained?
What will be an ideal response?
There are many theories regarding masochistic sexuality. Freud believed that sexual masochism is
inherent in female sexuality. The suppression of aggression and sexual repression are generally more
feminine behaviors, which is why Freud believed masochism in men to be more of a perversion than
masochism in women. However, this perspective seems to exchange masochism for sexual receptivity
and suspension of defensiveness, which are evolutionary-based processes. Masochism is more frequent
in males, as are other paraphilias, whereas masochism in women is probably an extension of a search
for a dominant male. Other psychoanalytic explanations of masochism include relations to helplessness
in childhood, early trauma and the pre-Oedipal stage, deprivation in childhood, and more. Some also
postulated that masochism is related to forbidden pleasure linked with shame and humiliation. Learning
theories explain masochism as a conditioned response. Some also explain it in terms of sexual
frustrations; a similar explanation comes from John Money, who states that paraphiles convert barriers
to sexuality into sexual arousal cues.
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List three common general statistical tests of significance.
What will be an ideal response?
Suggestions to increase practitioner interest and involvement in counseling research include all but one of the following
a. Make research designs more flexible b. Increase qualitative research c. Focus on a few specific questions d. Have research programs carried out jointly by practitioners and academic researchers
The ______________ technique involves learning new behavior by considering the behavior a reality and anticipating it as expected.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
A useful way to assist members in continuing the new beginnings established during the group is to devote time during one of the final sessions to writing:
What will be an ideal response?