A nurse is caring for a client who has esophageal varices. A difference of how many mmHg in orthostatic blood pressure could indicate a change in fluid volume and possible recurrence of varix bleeding?
a. 10 c. 30
b. 20 d. 40
B
Esophageal varices are enlarged, twisted esophageal veins that are usually associated with chronic liver obstruction such as occurs in cirrhosis; they are asymptomatic until they rupture and hemorrhage. Medical management includes sclerotherapy or ligation; balloon tamponade is used during active bleeding. Medications may also be prescribed to prevent esophageal irritation, to control bleeding, and to control pain following sclerotherapy. Surgical treatment includes creation of a portosystemic shunt or a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the client's vital signs and overall condition for evidence of bleeding, orthostatic blood pressure (20 mmHg drop) could indicate a change in fluid volume and possible recurrence of varix bleeding and alleviating client anxiety.
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The community health nurse is conducting a study to determine the health-related events in a specific population. This type of study is considered:
a. nursing research. c. epidemiology. b. health assessment. d. the prevention of epidemics.
A client has an arm cast and reports that it feels really tight and the fingers are puffy. What is the nurse's best response?
a. "Elevate your arm on two pillows and ap-ply ice to the cast." b. "Continue to take ibuprofen (Motrin) until the swelling subsides." c. "It is normal for a new cast to feel a little tight for the first few days." d. "Please come to the clinic today to have your arm checked by the health care pro-vider."
During the health history, the client tells the nurse about all the following health problems. Which one increases the risk for impaired hearing?
A. Allergic rhinitis B. Bilateral cataracts C. Osteoarthritis of the spine D. Myocardial infarction 2 years ago
When is a study internally valid?
A) Alternative explanations of the results can be ruled out. B) An experimental design was used. C) A repeated measures design was used. D) Precision has been maximized.