Explain the most common non-sexual transmission routes for HIV
Throughout the world, mother-to-child transmission is the most common way that children become infected with HIV. In the absence of any health interventions (e.g., access to antiretroviral medication), the likelihood that transmission of HIV from an HIV-positive pregnant woman to the fetus or infant can be anywhere from 25% to 48% (De Cock et al., 2000). Transmission of HIV from mother to child can occur under three different conditions: during the pregnancy (in utero), during birth, and during breastfeeding. If an HIV-positive woman is able to receive the antiretroviral medication she needs for her health while pregnant, have a caesarean section before she is in labor, receive infant formula and the family support needed to avoid breastfeeding, then the likelihood of passing the virus to the infant becomes very small.
Other HIV transmission routes include transmission through use of contaminated syringes (i.e., needles) or drug paraphernalia among injection drug users or through use of contaminated syringes used for injectable medications or vitamins. Health workers may be exposed to HIV through needle-stick injuries in the workplace.
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