According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?
A) relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual behavior
B) personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited opportunities
C) personality variables and problems associated with homosexual behavior
D) impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity structures
D
You might also like to view...
A major policy and ethical debate in probation concerns the issue of _______ probation officers.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
The __________ approach to crime assumes that powerful individuals can impose their definitions of crime on lawbreakers
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Which of the following is the LEAST important as a contingency in the development of adult criminal careers?
a. Being raised by parents who have been involved in crime b. Living in a community where there are stable relationships between people with conventional values and people with criminal values c. Being involved in crime as an adolescent d. Living in a community where there are close ties between adolescents and adult criminals
What is specific deterrence?
a. the recognition that criminalacts result in punishment, andthe effect of that recognitionon society that preventsfuture crimes b. the incarceration of high-riskoffenders for preventivereasons based on what theyare expected to do, not whatthey have already done c. the state of relapse thatoccurs when offenderscomplete their criminalpunishment and thencontinue to commit crimes d. the effect of punishment onan individual offender thatprevents that person fromcommitting future crimes