A nurse is caring for a client with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has metastasized to the brain. What changes in the client's cells have occurred to allow metastasis? Select all that apply.
A) Alterations in lectin binding allow cancer cells to avoid sticking to leukocytes and platelets.
B) Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) may be present, allowing malignant cells to escape detection by the immune system.
C) The cytoskeleton loses rigidity, making cells more amenable to proliferation.
D) Further growth is inhibited at the primary site, encouraging cells to spread to other sites in the body.
E) Altered cytoskeletal control leads to the loss of internal and external cellular functions.
C) The cytoskeleton loses rigidity, making cells more amenable to proliferation.
E) Altered cytoskeletal control leads to the loss of internal and external cellular functions.
Explanation: A) Changes occurring in cancer cells that allow the cells to metastasize include alterations in lectin binding, which allow cancer cells to stick to leukocytes and platelets to avoid detection by the immune system.
B) Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) may be absent, which is another means by which malignant cells escape detection by the immune system.
C) The cytoskeleton loses rigidity, making cancer cells more amenable to proliferation.
D) Further growth becomes possible at the primary site, and malignant cells are more able to spread to other sites in the body.
E) Altered cytoskeletal control leads to the loss of internal and external cellular functions.
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