Which factor(s) aid(s) in the initiation of respiration in the neonate immediately following birth? (Select all that apply.)
a. Touch
b. Clamping of the umbilical cord
c. Temperature change
d. Hunger
e. Light
f. Anger
ANS: A, B, C, E
There are four major categories of stimuli that send messages to the respiratory center of the neonate's brain to initiate respiration immediately after birth.
• Sensory: cold, touch, motion, light, sound.
• Chemical: clamping the cord.
• Thermal: temperature change (warm to cool).
• Mechanical: chest compression and recoil (expansion).
A neonate's lungs must function immediately after birth. Sensory stimuli of cold, touch, movement, light, and sound help respirations begin as the fetus emerges from the dark, warm uterus to the external environment. Clamping the cord causes temporary hypoxia, producing acidosis, which activates the respiratory center to initiate respirations. Temperature change from warm to cool stimulates respiration, but care must be taken to protect the neonate from excessive cold. The chest is compressed during passage through the birth canal, then recoils (expands) at the moment of birth.
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