Islam retained a hold on its civilization in the twentieth century more firmly than Confucianism did in China because Islamic civilization
a. defined political loyalty in terms of religious faith.
b. was closely associated with the Ottoman Empire.
c. promoted an elitist and secular outlook.
d. had many independent centers.
Answer: d. had many independent centers.
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What was the impact of World War I not only on Europe but on the entire planet?
What will be an ideal response?