Universalism
A) Scientists must be neutral, impartial, receptive, and open minded to unexpected observations or new
ideas. They should not be rigidly wedded to a particular idea or point of view.
B) Scientists should not accept new ideas or evidence in a carefree, uncritical manner, but challenge and
question new evidence.
C) Scientific knowledge must be shared with others, and it belongs to everyone. Creating scientific
knowledge is a public act and the findings are public property, available for all to use.
D) Regardless of who conducts a study or where the researcher conducts it, the study is judged only on the
basis of scientific merit.
D
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