Describe Bowlby's ethological theory of attachment and why it seems superior to drive
reduction or behavioral theories. What evidence supports his contention that attachment is a
universal phenomenon?
What will be an ideal response?
Bowlby theorized that close relationships between infants and caregivers is what has
made our species successful. In his theory, biology essentially guarantees attachment
relationships between infants and caregivers. Drive reduction and behavioral theories of
attachment become largely untenable when one considers the case of an abusive parent
that does not take care of their infant. The infant's basic needs or drives are not met, and
they may be actually physically harmed by the caregiver; yet, they may prefer to be
around the caregiver than another supportive, unrelated adult. It is believed that
attachment is an issue relevant to people of all cultures, and it can be reliably assessed
across all societies.
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Researchers used beepers to signal adolescents and adults at various times to assess their emotional states. They found that, compared to adults, young people between the ages of 13 and 18 tend to experience
a. more stable moods than adults. b. more intense moods than adults. c. less intense moods than adults. d. similar emotional experiences to adults.
The _____ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client’s behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client’s culture.
A. etic B. emic C. behavioral D. individual
Beginning in middle childhood, children’s self-descriptions start to emphasize __________
A) specific behaviors and observable traits B) industry over inferiority C) both negative and positive traits D) their own physical attributes
Cocaine blocks dopamine _____ in neurons of the _____ following release.
A) reuptake/transport; VTA B) reuptake/transport; nucleus accumbens C) release; hippocampus D) release; amygdala