Below the third table in a research report, concerning switching infants to cow's milk at six months of age instead of 12 months, is a notation: "t(22) = –0.76, p = .41" What does this mean? (Select all that apply.)
a. A t-test was performed.
b. Apparently 24 subjects participated in the study.
c. There was a difference between groups.
d. The difference between groups was not statistically significant.
e. If there was an intervention, the intervention was more effective than the control condition.
f. The results are generalizable.
g. The researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis.
h. A type I error occurred.
ANS: A, B, C, D, G
One of the most common parametric analyses used to test for significant differences between group means of two samples is the t-test. It is conducted to discover whether a difference exists between two groups, or between a previous condition and the current condition in paired subjects. Degrees of freedom are equal to n – 2. Not enough is known about the research to discern in which group the intervention was more effective. In this example, there was a difference between groups, but it was apparently not statistically significant, since p = .41, according to the notation below the graph. Only p-values of .05 and less would be statistically significant. If the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis, no type I error could have occurred.
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