Civil rights organizations used the Voting Rights Act to challenge which of these types of elections in Texas?
A) Single-member district B) At-large-by-place municipal elections C) At-large-by zone elections D) At-large-by ward elections E) None of the above
Answer: B
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Congress passed the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 in reaction to a Supreme Court decision involving black city council representation in what city?
A. New York, New York B. Detroit, Michigan C. Seattle, Washington D. Mobile, Alabama
The courts have found that in order to prove defamation of character, a public figure must show that press statements were not only untrue, but also showed either a “reckless disregard” for the truth or which one of the following?
a. Were politically motivated b. ??Had malicious intent c. ?Used obscene language d. ?Insulted a whole class of people
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that contributed to the emergence of total war?
a. Evolutions in technology b. Increasing notion of patriotism c. People's growing distrust of their governments d. Changing relationship among civilians, the military, and the government e. Changing relationship among non-state actors
The pressures that parties face to point out sharp differences between their positions and those of the opposition have led to increasing ______.
a. parity b. polarization c. unity d. partisanship