Emil Kraepelin promoted a classification system much like that applied to medical diagnoses. He proposed that
A. mental disorders primarily resulted from social causes.
B. mental disorders were mainly caused by evil spirits.
C. disorders could best be understood by probing into an individual's unconscious mind.
D. disorders could be identified by their patterns of symptoms.
Answer: D
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In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate receive 10 full trials of electric shocks. They were told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate, or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate. After the first two trials had been conducted, participants were then either given no escape (had to watch the
full 10 trials) or easy escape (allowed to leave and not watch the full 10 trials). After the first two trials, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate, as she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that ____ agreed to switch places. a. virtually everyone in the similar group (regardless of escape level) and half of the people in the dissimilar/no escape group b. most of the people in the similar group (regardless of escape level) but almost none of the people in the dissimilar/no escape group c. virtually everyone in the similar/no escape group and virtually everyone in the dissimilar/easy escape group d. virtually no one in the similar group/no escape and virtually no one in the dissimilar/easy escape group
If a behavior continues to be exhibited in spite of the fact that no reinforcement is being given, it is likely that the behavior ____
a. ?was created through multiple types of conditioning b. ?has an underlying biological cause c. ?has been previously reinforced every single time it occurred for many year d. ?has been previously conditioned according to a partial reinforcement schedule
As children enter school and receive more feedback about how well they perform compared with their peers, self-esteem usually
A) adjusts to an extremely high level. B) stays the same as it was during the preschool years. C) adjusts to a more realistic level. D) adjusts to an extremely low level.
The fact that homosexual men also show a preference for young, attractive partners argues AGAINST the idea that
A) patterns of preference are driven by our biology. B) homosexuality is partially due to genetics. C) women's preference for status derives from media images of attractive, older, powerful men. D) human mating behavior is more than a "one switch" mechanism.