Describe the signal transduction pathway that is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: After LPS binds to TLR-4, TLR-4 then binds proteins in the cytosol, starting a cascade of reactions that activates transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF?B), initiating transcription of downstream genes. Many of the NF?B-regulated genes encode host response proteins, such as the cytokines that activate cells and initiate inflammation.
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Down’s syndrome individuals have trisomy of chromosome number ____
a. 1 b. 21 c. 45 d. X e. Y
Helper T cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-cells.
A. antigens B. antibodies C. MHC proteins D. cytokines
A short chain of cells anchored near the micropyle at the ovule entrance that channels nutrients and hormones to the young embryo is the
a. young root b. seed coat c. suspensor d. developing meristem e. endosperm
Which of the following statements regarding ELISAs is TRUE?
A) They are not quantitative. B) They require large amounts of serum. C) The antibody label is a fluorescent molecule. D) They can be used to detect antibody or antigen. E) They involve the use of membrane filters.