A 78-year-old client is admitted with the diagnosis of left-sided congestive heart failure. When assessing the client, what signs and symptoms should the nurse expect to find?
1. Peripheral dependent edema and bradycardia
2. Signs of fluid volume deficit, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia
3. Enlarged liver, venous congestion, and distended neck veins
4. Dyspnea, orthopnea, and cough
Answer: 4
1. Peripheral edema is seen with right-sided failure.
2. Signs of fluid volume excess, not deficit, would be seen.
3. Liver congestion and distended neck veins are seen with right-sided failure.
4. Manifestations of left-sided heart failure are the result of pulmonary congestion and decreased cardiac output. Impaired left ventricular emptying causes a backup of fluids in the pulmonary vascular system.
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