The school nurse notes a concave appearance to the anterior chest wall in a middle-school child. The nurse documents this finding as:
A) pectus carinatum.
B) pectus excavatum.
C) kyphoscoliosis.
D) lordosis.
B) pectus excavatum.
Explanation: A) The congenital deformity pectus carinatum, also called pigeon chest, gives a convex appearance to the anterior chest wall.
B) Pectus excavatum, also known as a sunken or funnel chest, gives a concave appearance to the anterior chest wall. With the rapid growth during adolescence, the abnormal growth of the sternum and four or five ribs on each side of the sternum becomes more obvious.
C) Kyphoscoliosis is an abnormal progressive curvature of the spine. It combines an abnormal front-to-back curvature, which causes a dowager's hump, with a lateral curvature that leaves the shoulders or the hips uneven.
D) In lordosis, the spine curves considerably inward at the lower back.
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