Muscles of exhalation include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Abdominal
b. Diaphragm
c. External intercostals
d. Internal intercostals
e. Scalene
A, D
Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up toward the lungs. The intrinsic elastic recoil of the lungs assists with exhalation. Because exhalation is a passive act, there are no true muscles of exhalation other than the internal intercostal muscles, which assist the inward movement of the ribs.
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