How did European states create national identities between 1870 and 1914?
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
a. An inclusive approach to nation-building was to make the people identify with the nation by giving them a stake in its preservation.
b. Ways to do this included expanding the franchise to working-class men, implementing social welfare programs to address the needs of those at the bottom of society, using the schools to produce patriotic citizens, and inventing traditions that fostered loyalty to the nation, often embodied by the monarch.
c. A coercive approach was to impose the national culture on all the people, ignoring the differences among them.
d. Examples include Russification in the Russian Empire and Magyarization in the Hungary portion of Austria-Hungary.
e. An exclusive approach was to expel those people who did not belong in the "nation."
f. An example of this is the antisemitism that led many Europeans to identify the Jews as perpetual foreigners.
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