To calculate the monetary base, one must:

a. Add currency held both inside financial institutions and outside financial institutions to deposits at the central bank.
b. Subtract currency in circulation from financial institutions' reserves.
c. Sum all financial institutions' reserves, because financial institutions' reserves and the monetary base are two terms meaning the same thing.
d. Subtract from financial institutions' reserves all deposits held with the central bank.
e. None of the above.


.A

Economics

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