When Linda was a child, her friends at school all earned a lot of money if their grades were good. Linda went to her parents and asked that she be given money for good report cards. Her parents agreed
She would earn a nickel for every "A" and a dollar if she earned all "A's." Her friends, of course, were offered much more money for good grades. Using the overjustification effect, explain why Linda's parents might have offered her such meager monetary rewards for academic success.
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Self-perception theory posits that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we look to our own behaviors and to the environment to decide how we feel. This example is a special case of working to increase intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation to learn and excel. Linda's parents were careful not to provide excessive external rewards; such rewards might convince Linda that the reason she was working hard in school was to earn money. In other words, they were avoiding the overjustification effect by which extrinsic motivators overpower the potential for intrinsic motivation. Instead, they provided such meager rewards so that Linda would come to believe that she worked hard in school because she liked it and viewed it as worthwhile; in other words, she would become intrinsically motivated to succeed.
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Anissa has just lost her job. Which attributional pattern would most strongly suggest that Anissa is at risk for depression?
a. I lost my job because I am not smart enough to compete in the workforce, and everywhere I go everyone can see this about me. b. I lost my job because the economy has been so bad, and everywhere I go this seems to be true. c. I lost my job because I have had a hard time managing everything while I had to take care of my aging mother who died in the last month. d. I lost my job because my boss is a real jerk who has never liked me from the start.
You recently read a book about a celebrity who battled alcoholism throughout her adult life. This book best illustrates the:
a. experimental method c. survey method b. naturalistic observation d. case study
Maintenance rehearsal is ____
a. ?the forming of associations between what you want to remember and what you already remember b. ?the most effective tool for transferring memories into long-term memory c. ?most effective in keeping memories in short-term memory d. ?used to keep items in our long-term memory storage
The enhancement of a well-learned response in the presence of others is called social loafing
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.