Which of the following threats to external validity is an example of the problem of reactive effects of experiment arrangements?
a. A pretest was conducted that sensitized the subjects to the topic of the research, so that they may have responded to the treatment differently than would individuals who did not go through the pretest
b. Defendants in a county court are allowed to choose whether or not they would like to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of a new diversion program
c. Inmates in a prison are aware that they are part of a study on prison violence and modify their behavior as a result of this awareness
d. Inmates in a prison are participating in two research studies and are simultaneously exposed to two different experimental interventions
Answer: c
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Fines:
A) may only be imposed if the offender is not incarcerated upon conviction. B) are automatically imposed when offenders are convicted. C) may be imposed as a sentencing option. D) None of the above
The cornerstone of American democracy is the ability to embrace our rights as citizens without fear of reprisal from the state
a. True b. False
When the credibility of a witness is attacked, the side that produced the witness can take steps to bolster his or her credibility, either by calling other witnesses or introducing other evidence. This process is known as:
a. restructuring. b. rehabilitation. c. redistricting. d. transforming.
When the subject of criminal sanction arises, the general public usually thinks first of _________________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word