For surfaces that have not been cleaned for a long time, sometimes applying a proven disinfectant does not work. These surfaces also must be scrubbed (agitated). Why does scrubbing the surface make the disinfectant work better?

A) Bacteria may have formed a biofilm, and scrubbing the surface helps the disinfectant penetrate the slime layer of the biofilm.
B) The scrubbing action oxidizes the disinfectant and improves its efficacy.
C) Scrubbing often produces bubbles, the bubbles improve the efficacy of the disinfectant.


A) Bacteria may have formed a biofilm, and scrubbing the surface helps the disinfectant penetrate the slime layer of the biofilm.

Biology & Microbiology

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Amanda was studying turtles based on DNA analysis. Under the current classification scheme, which of the following turtle species are thought to be most closely related? (1) Graptemys ouachitensis, (2) Trachemys scripta, (3) Apalone spinifera, (4) Graptemys kohni

A. 1 and 3 due to inductive reasoning B. 1 and 3 due to deductive reasoning C. 2 and 3 due to inductive reasoning D. 1 and 4 due to inductive reasoning E. 2 and 3 due to deductive reasoning F. 1 and 4 due to deductive reasoning

Biology & Microbiology

After the publication of On the Origin of Species, the idea of evolution was generally accepted. What part of Darwin’s

theory of evolution, however, was fiercely debated?

a. natural selection b. environmental change c. gradual change d. the old age of the Earth e. limited resources

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Describe the structure of a DNA microarray and its use

What will be an ideal response?

Biology & Microbiology

The Lac repressor:

A. binds to the Lac promoter. B. only binds specifically to DNA. C. functions as a dimer. D. functions as a tetramer. E. prevents bending of DNA.

Biology & Microbiology