There are three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency; which of the following statements does not reflect one of these three views?
a. school failure is unrelated to delinquency
b. school failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior
c. school failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior
d. school failure and delinquency share a common cause: social and personal problems
A
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