The electronegative charge on 2:1 type silicate clays is due primarily to:

A) ionization of surface OH groups.
B) the effect of pH on the presence of H+ ions in the exchange complex.
C) substitution of one metallic atom for another in the crystal structure of the clay.
D) extremely small size of the individual colloid particles.
E) the preponderance of tetrahedral sheets compared to octahedral sheets.


C

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