A patient has been diagnosed with cancer. Which finding in the patient's social history would the nurse evaluate as contributing to cancer development both in the initiation stage and the promotion stage?
1. The patient was exposed to radiation during an industrial accident 5 years ago.
2. The patient has taken vitamin C supplements for many years.
3. The patient's menses began at age 10.
4. The patient reports drinking one or two glasses of wine each week.
1
Rationale 1: It is thought that radiation acts as both an initiator and a promoter in the development of cancer. Because of activity in both stages, radiation is considered a "complete carcinogen.".
Rationale 2: Vitamin C is considered an anticarcinogen.
Rationale 3: Hormones have not been proven to have a direct carcinogenic effect. Rather, they support carcinogenesis by preparing target tissues so that they are ripe for the carcinogen insult.
Rationale 4: Alcohol intake of less than one drink per day is not considered carcinogenic.
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