Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. In its purest form, the Shari’a consists of canon law and the principles of Confucianism.
2. Shi’a Islam started as the larger and politically stronger Muslim group and today is estimated as comprising 85% to 95% of the world’s Muslims.
3. According to Pew Research Center survey, a vast majority of Muslims want Shari’a law to be the official law of the land in their home country.
4. When li is successfully implemented in society there is no need to call upon fa.
5. The primary source of law in the Eastern Asia legal tradition is divine revelation.


1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False

Criminal Justice

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Which of the following is NOT one of the non-homicide offense elements of defense?

a. The defendant "acted under the compulsion of threat or imminent infliction of death or great bodily injury." b. The defendant "reasonably believed that death or great bodily harm would have been inflicted upon him (or another) had he not acted as he did." c. The compulsion or coercion was "imminent and impending and of such a nature as to induce a well-grounded apprehension of death or serious bodily harm if the act is not done." d. There was "a reasonable opportunity to escape the compulsion without committing the crime."

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In general strain theory, the three types of strain are removal of positively valued stimuli, the presence of negatively valued stimuli, and the failure to achieve goals. These are examples of:

a. Constants b. Independent variables c. Theoretical constructs d. Dependent variables

Criminal Justice

Kauffman (1988) argues that the use of as a technique was a failure because it could not be applied to the inmates generally but had to be enforced inmate by inmate.

a. Violence b. Solitary confinement c. Coercion d. Rewards

Criminal Justice