Which of the following medications is/are given to help control ammonia levels in a patient with acute liver failure (ALF)?
a. Insulin c. Lactulose
b. Vitamin K d. Benzodiazepines
C
Lactulose, a synthetic Ketoanalogue of lactose split into lactic acid and acetic acid in the intestine, is given orally through a nasogastric tube or as a retention enema. The result is the creation of an acidic environment that results in ammonia being drawn out of the portal circulation. Lactulose has a laxative effect that promotes expulsion. Vitamin K is used to help control bleeding. Insulin would be given to control hyperglycemia. Use of benzodiazepines and other sedatives is discouraged in a patient with ALF because pertinent neurologic changes may be masked, and hepatic encephalopathy may be exacerbated.
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How does glucagon assist in maintaining blood glucose levels?
A. Glucagon enhances the activity of insulin, restoring blood glucose levels to normal more quickly after a high-calorie meal. B. Glucagon is a storage form of glucose and can be broken down for energy when blood glucose levels are low. C. Glucagon converts the excess glucose into glycogen, lowering blood glucose le-vels in times of excess. D. Glucagon prevents hypoglycemia by promoting glucose release from liver storage sites.
According to the National Institutes of Health, weight loss surgery is an acceptable option for carefully selected clients with clinical obesity as defined by:
1. Greater than 150% healthy body weight 2. Greater than 150% ideal body weight 3. BMI of 30 or greater 4. BMI of 40 or greater
Skin turgor is not an accurate measurement of hydration in:
a. an infant. b. a child. c. an adult. d. the older adult.
A 4-year-old boy is being treated for leukemia. His older brother, age 7, regresses and starts to suck his thumb and wet the bed at night
The parents recognize that these behaviors are the older brother's way of expressing his fears and anxieties about his younger brother's life-threatening illness. They do not punish him for these behaviors; instead, they work out a schedule where when one parent is with the younger brother during treatments, the other parent takes the older brother on an outing and offers to talk about the situation. Which of the following does NOT describe one of Bowen's concepts that the members of this family are demonstrating? a. relativistic thinking b. high level of differentiation c. family projection process d. sibling position