Assume that the transmission of antibiotic-producing bacteria that live as mutualists with leaf cutter ants is strictly vertical; i.e., bacteria are only transmitted from queens to their offspring
What would you expect the topology of a phylogeny for the bacteria to look like relative to the phylogeny of their ant partners?
a. The topologies should not correspond more than would be expected under a random model.
b. The topologies should closely correspond to one another.
c. The topologies should correspond less than would be expected under a random model.
d. Deep nodes will correspond, but not nodes that are located toward the tips of the tree.
B
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True or false: A species is a fixed evolutionary unit
A. true B. false
Which one of the following is a major difference between plants and animals?
A. Animals use sophisticated genetic programs to govern their development and day-to-day functions. Plants do not. B. Plant cells have evolved modifications of the plasma membrane that permit the transfer of information and molecules from one cell to another. Animal cells have not. C. Plants have a meshwork of extracellular molecules that provide structural support and that determine the shape of the cells. Animals do not. D. Animal cells are able to absorb large molecules across their plasma membrane. Plant cells are not.
Compared with young trees growing out in the open,
young trees growing in a darker forest understory tend to have longer, thinner trunks with less branching. This developmental pattern is principally caused by a. phototropism. b. thigmotropism. c. activated phytochrome being converted to inactive phytochrome. d. inactive phytochrome being converted to active phytochrome. e. none of these.
The protein shugoshin is crucial for meiosis I, because it
A) promotes chiasmata formation. B) condenses chromosomes. C) decondenses chromosomes. D) protects centromere cohesins from degradation by separase. E) attaches microtubules to kinetochores.