For the potential energy of a proton gradient to be converted to the chemical energy of ATP, the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient must be coupled with ATP synthesis. This coupling is made possible by:
A. ATP synthase.
B. coenzyme Q.
C. cytochrome C.
D. oxygen.
E. protein complex IV.
A
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Every 24 hours, every genome in every cell of the human body is damaged 10,000 times or more
Given the possible DNA repair mechanisms, which order listed below would be most effective at repairing these as quickly as possible in order to prevent mutations from being carried forward in DNA replication? A. Proofreading by DNA polymerase, glycosylase enzyme activities, excision repair, SOS repair B. SOS repair, excision repair, glycosylase enzyme activities, proofreading by DNA polymerase C. SOS repair, proofreading by DNA polymerase, glycosylase enzyme activities, excision repair D. Glycosylase enzyme activities, SOS repair, proofreading by DNA polymerase, excision repair
Bacteria that do not have a fixed shape are said to be ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.
a. true b. false
Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cell respiration?
A. heat only B. ATP, heat, and carbon dioxide C. carbon dioxide only D. both ATP and heat only E. ATP only