The minimal-effects finding in the early literature concerning the effects of mass media refers to the fact that __________
a. most people did not pay any attention to the media
b. most people considered the media to be untrustworthy
c. the media typically did not address political issues
d. changes in people's voting due to mass-media coverage was rare.
e. yellow journalism generally had mixed results on people
d
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Why do corporations and special interests find initiatives appealing?
What will be an ideal response?
Journalist Walter Lippmann suggested that
A. the dominance of polling has brought about an ideological shift toward the more radical ends of the political spectrum among elected representatives. B. pollsters have more effect on the outcome of presidential elections in recent decades than have the people who do the voting. C. polling, even when done scientifically, cannot be trusted because it is in people's nature to be dishonest in response to political questions. D. effective government cannot be run by politicians that base their public opinions on poll results. E. polling had provided political parties with even more entrenched power, reducing the influence of third party candidates.
In theory, ideologies promote consistency among political attitudes by connecting them to a more general principle or set of principles. In practice, ideologies ______.
A. are incoherently connected beliefs B. often combine attitudes linked more by coalitional politics than by principle C. are inherited from your parents D. reflect little more than the emotion of the moment for most people
Party discipline is maintained by
A. persuasion. B. an antidefection law. C. monetary rewards for voting with the party. D. being expelled from the party for voting across party lines.