A large corporation held leadership training classes for lower-level employees of the company. The classes were voluntary and were run in the evenings after work, on the employees' own time. Ten years later, an organizational psychologist found that the employees who had taken the classes had advanced further in the company than those who had not taken the classes. In this research,
a. the number of years which have passed since the classes were given is confounded with training.
b. the motivation of the two groups of employees is confounded with training.
c. the employees' initial status is confounded with training.
d. there are no apparent confounds.
B
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