What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?
a. Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters.
b. The submucosal segment of a child’s ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient.
c. The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children.
d. As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective
Ans: b. The submucosal segment of a child’s ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient.
You might also like to view...
A nurse is caring for an 83-year-old woman in a long-term-care facility who has a history of heart failure and peripheral arterial disease. The patient is unable to stand or ambulate. The nurse knows this places the patient at significant risk for:
A) Aoritis B) Deep vein thrombosis C) Thoracic aortic aneurysm D) Raynaud's disease
The nurse is discussing with a couple their concerns about delivering vaginally after having a cesarean birth. Parents planning on a vaginal birth after a cesarean birth (VBAC) should prepare:
1. Exclusively for a vaginal delivery. 2. Two birth plans: one for vaginal and one for cesarean. 3. For a long labor. 4. For a short labor.
Roles for nurses related to global health include providing (select all that apply)
a. Medications and vaccines for worldwide use b. Direct patient care and facilitating education and health promotional needs of the community c. Knowledge and skill in countries where nursing is an organized profession d. Consultation to auxiliary personnel
Schizophrenia is caused by:
A) Anxiety B) Substance abuse C) A biochemical disease D) Childhood abuse