Which of the following is an example of Scala Naturae?
a. Minerals rank below plants, plants below animals, animals below humans, and humans below the gods.
b. Mosses rank below ferns, ferns below flowering plants, flowering plants below bushes, and bushes below trees.
c. Cars rank below buses, buses below trucks, trucks below cars, and buses below airplanes.
d. Blood cells rank below blood liquid, blood liquid below lymph, lymph below connective tissue, and connective tissue below skin
Answer: a. Minerals rank below plants, plants below animals, animals below humans, and humans below the gods.
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In the 1980s, when researchers began seeking gene variants that caused or contributed to bipolar disorder, it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations. These findings, looking back, most likely mean that
A) bipolar disorder results from imitating the behavior of an affected family member. B) many gene variant combinations cause or contribute to bipolar disorder, but only a few such variants are seen in any one family. C) many people fake the symptoms of bipolar disorder. D) bipolar disorder reflects changes in gene expression, but not in mutations.
The conclusion associated with mutant strain III in Figure 13-1 was that it:
a. contained all the enzymes needed for normal metabolism.
b. was missing all the enzymes for metabolism of amino acids.
c. was missing an enzyme for metabolism and could not synthesize arginine.
d. was missing an enzyme for metabolism and could not synthesize citrulline.
e. was missing an enzyme for metabolism and could not synthesize ornithine.
The clonal selection theory states that
A. all T cells are exact clones of each other. B. all B cells are exact clones of each other. C. when a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antigen, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antigen. D. when a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antibody, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antibody.
One of the first medical tests a newborn receives determines if the child has phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is the result of a mutation in a single gene that causes mental retardation and a host of other phenotypes (light hair and skin color, eczema, and a "mousy" smell). By detecting PKU early, doctors are able to reduce the effect of this condition with a modified diet. PKU is an example of
a. epistasis b. pleiotropy c. polygenic trait d. codominance e. incomplete dominance